The Economic Properties Of Intangible Assets - 9432 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 1. Challenges to the definition of the digital economy 4 1.1. The traditional accounting approach and its limits 4 1.2. The economic properties of intangible assets and their consequences 6 1.2.1 The main economic features of intangibles 6 1.2.2 Intangible assets and resource allocation 7 2. The OECD’s approach to taxing digital activities 9 2.1. The redefinition of the permanent establishment concept 9 2.2. The transfer pricing aspects of intangible assets 12 2.2.1 The limits of the arm’s length principle 12 2.2.2 The proposed revision of the transfer pricing regime for intangibles 13 2.2.3 Risks and capital associated with intangible assets 17 3. Proposals for further reform 19 3.1. Redefining the PE notion with closer attention to the nature of intangibles 19 3.1.1 The creation of a ‘virtual PE’ concept 20 3.1.2 Placing the ‘force of attraction principle’ at the centre of the PE definition 21 3.2. 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Critique Paper free essay sample

Chris Neary had struck a plea bargain with U. S. uthorities in July by admitting to crossing the border with a backpack with 50 kilograms of marijuana with four other smugglers. He was sentenced to eight months in prison for conspiracy to distribute marijuana in a Seattle court and also sentenced to two years of probation, which can be served in Canada. This case stury was mainly written for business students who are ready to dive into the real business-world and its intention was that graduating students should realize and expect what to come in the workforce in respect to ethical issues and thus make a decision for the greatest outcome. Decisions spring from beliefs about what norms, values, and achievements are expected, and what the rewards and sanctions are for certain actions. Ethical dilemmas arise when norms and values are in conflict, and there are alternative courses of action available. This means that the decision maker must make a choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The case study asked, â€Å"Why would a clever advertising executive engage in such a foolhardy plan? † To respond to that question, a primary goal of a for-profit firm is to remain in business.It does this by providing goods and services that are required by society in an efficient and effective manner. The support for a business—and business in general—depends on the credibility that stakeholders place in corporate commitments, the company’s reputation, and the strength of its competitive advantage. Trust, in turn, depends on the values underlying corporate activities. To a large extent, the respect for stakeholder values and interests determines a corporation’s ethical standing and success.Consequently, corporate directors are expected to govern their company ethically, meaning they are to see that their executives, employees, and agents act ethically. As I stated in the introduction, the executives in the company have the responsibility to fulfill the stakeholders’ needs and interests. The reason why Chris Neary was engaged in such an illegal action was to keep the commitments as well as the company’s reputation. Moreover, he probably did not want to face a business failure since he had already achieved successful position in the industry.However, with that one decision he made, everything that he build was destroyed at a moment. Although, this case study has lack of information to fully understand the situation. It would have been better if the author address more about Chris Neary’s profile such as if he had any previous convictions, and his reputation from friends, family, and co-workers. Furthermore, it would have been interesting if the author provided any precedent cases, result of it, and how serious is the problem of corporate involvement in drug-smuggling to generate cash flow for the firm.In conclusion, unlike many other business decisions that have clear decision making criteria, with ethical dilemmas there are no objective standards. Therefore, it is extremely complicated and could result in a huge controversy because everyone’s subjective moral codes and perceptions are different than others. However, when it comes to make a choice, business must adhere to the applicable laws and regulations as a bare minimum. This case illustrates how drug smugglers motivated by greed and a false sense of invincibility will carelessly risk them in hopes of turning a quick profit.T he learning from this case is not just do not transport drugs over an international border, because everybody knows that anyway. It is more to do with figuring out at what point in your life you are making bad decisions, figuring out at what point in your life you are being supported by the right people, and keep in mind that responsibilities of business are to be ethical and socially responsible because business operates within society and these are the other norms of society.

King Arthur Essays (478 words) - Knights Of The Round Table, Fiction

King Arthur The uglier the truth the truer the friend is a statement that has been echoed throughout the history of time. In "Camelot", King Arthur experienced this quotation first hand. Even though "Camelot" is a fictional movie, the same situation that befell King Arthur really occurs in real life to everyday people. Just by looking at Pellinore, you would not think that he was a trustworthy man. Dirty, hair uncombed, dingy clothes are all words that could be used to describe Pellinore's appearance. But as the old saying goes "Don't judge a book by its cover" and you should not judge Pellinore by his looks. King Arthur had so many "Yes men" in his court, that he could not depend on them to tell him the truth because they were to worried jeopardizing their position in the court. However, Pellinore did not have this problem because he did not have a position to lose. In Arthur's heart of hearts, he had a feeling that Lancelot and Guinevere were having a physical relationship together. Being the honest and trustworthy man that he was, Arthur refused to believe that his best friend and his wife, whom he loved to death, would do such a deceitful thing to him. Pellinore could not stand to see his friend be the center of rumors. Therefore, he decided to tell Arthur about the dishonesty that was happening right under. Arthur, still in denial, rejected Pellinore's allegation. Only after he was threatened with the prospect of death, did reluctantly refute his allegation. Arthur only saw the light after he witness for himself Lancelot and Guinevere's relationship. The situation that happened to Arthur, also happens to common people. My aunt went through a similar predicament when she was in college. Her roommates boyfriend constantly flirted with her. Tired of his endless advances, she decided to tell her roommate. Her roommate, who was also her friend, did not want to believe what she was saying. So she confronted her boyfriend with the accusation. Of course he denied it and in addition said that my aunt was the one doing the flirting. The roommate sided with her boyfriend and did not talk to her for months. Finally, the roommate saw her boyfriend for who he was. Only after she caught him cheating for herself. Out of everybody in King Arthur's court, only Pellinore came out and told Arthur about Lancelot's and Guinevere's relationship. My aunt was the sole person to tell her roommate about her boyfriend. Later she found out that she was not the only one of her roommate's friends who he had flirted with. The truth hurts. Instead of believing a truth that will hurt, people naturally tend to go into denial. But it still takes a real friend to tell you something that may hurt you now in order for you not being hurt more in the future. King Arthur and my aunt's roommate learned this the hard way. cared about their . In the end they both regretted not listening to the people who truly cared about them.

Climate Change, Environmental problem Essay Example

Climate Change, Environmental problem Essay Example Climate Change, Environmental problem Essay Climate Change, Environmental problem Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Climate Change, Environmental problem Question 1 It is agreeable that climate change is an environmental justice issue. The major reason of this argument is based on the definition of environmental justice. This is the equal treatment and participation of all people regarding implementation enforcing or developing laws, policies or regulations concerning the environment. This means that all people, regardless of their origin, race, ethnicity, gender or income should be part of this environmental issue. Environmental justice also entails people sharing both benefits and burdens of an environmental aspect (Sandler Pezzullo, 55). Climate change effects are being experienced globally. It is not fair when only the environmental department is left to handle them alone. Climate change was caused by global human activities. These activities were emitting CFCs gases, deforestation and other activities. All of them were done by people all around the world. The climate determines the survival of human beings among other activities. This is why every individual in the world should take part in mitigating the effects. The laws, policies and regulations therefore, should be enforceable to everyone. It is important for people to understand the need to take up the responsibility of preserving the environment. It plays a big role in determining climate pattern. Today, the climate pattern has changed negatively because the environment has been degraded. Climate change should be an environmental justice issue and everyone should participate in enhancing it. Scientists have confirmed if the environmental degradation continues the climate change will become worse and unsuitable for life existence (Sandler Pezzullo, 60). Question 2 Global warming is an environmental problem in the world. The earth’s temperature has been riding gradually since the end of nineteenth century. It has increased with about 0.8 degrees centigrade. The main cause of this problem is emission of greenhouse gases. They are produced by burning fossil fuels and using aerosols with chlorofluorocarbon gases. Global warming has caused floods, depletion of ozone layer and rising of the ocean (Simon, 90). Some of the solution is using sustainable energy like wind and geothermal power. Toxic gases should be detoxified before released in the air. People should also use alternative methods instead of burning fossil fuels. Several environmental justice questions surround this problem. The most important is whether the people are complying with laws concerning this problem. Environmental Protection Agency has formulated standards for mitigating global warming. Another vital question should be enquiring what the people are doing to regulate global warming. They have a responsibility of participating in controlling global warming. They should learn the causes and solution for them to understand this problem. People should avoid activities causing global warming and they should implement solutions (Simon, 122). Environmental justice is important in discussing this problem because it involves participation of all people. It was caused by human activities and it is fair if all of them took responsibility. All people are entitled to enjoy benefits of the environment. Similarly, they should bear the burden of the shortcomings it brings. For this problem to be solved, people need to contribute positively. Some of the activities involved in environmental justice of this problem include abiding by the laws protecting the environment, preserving the environment and avoiding any causes of global warming. Environmental issues should involve the community since the environment is part of life on earth (Sandler Pezzullo, 112). Sandler, Ronald D Phaedra C. Pezzullo. Environmental Justice and Environmentalism: The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. Print. Simon, Seymour. Global Warming. New York: Collins, 2010. Print.

The root of poor and segregate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The root of poor and segregate - Essay Example However, despite the perceived tolerance and acceptance of White Americans towards the Blacks, as well as the immigrant and minority groups, there were still some issues which counteract the implementation of anti-discriminatory laws, and even let racism remain subtly within the society. Factors such as maintenance of stereotypes not just by law enforcers but also by policy-makers and the mass media caused many problems such as the failure of the minority groups to become fully integrated and accepted into the society, which further separates them from others, causing increased intolerance to them and even creating the wrong impressions, as well as lesser work and development opportunities. These are known to be risk factors in creating impoverished, violent, and crime-laden neighborhoods among communities which are majorly composed of ethnic minorities (Haller 755). Thus, the roots of prevailing poverty, lack of complete racial integration and high rates of unfinished education in r acially-segregated communities are not just due to the loopholes of the anti-racial discrimination policies and laws, but are also due to deeply-seated racial discrimination against immigrants and blacks by the whites, as well as the inaccurate representation of the correlation between the violence and poverty rates among the segregated and majorly ethnic communities. Factors in the Prevalence of Poverty and Large Numbers of Uneducated Youth After doing community surveys in different areas in the state, researchers found out that lesser work opportunities are given to members of the black Americans and Hispanic immigrants due to perceived negative stereotypes, as compared to members of the white communities. Prevailing stereotypes were incorrectly attributed to the concentration of immigrants and influx of foreigners due to many people assuming that these minority groups chose to live in impoverished and disorganized communities, and subsequently committing crimes in these areas (Sa mpson 30). There is also the increase of areas with low employment rates because of the preference of employers of highly-skilled laborers over unskilled labor, which greatly affected many minority groups, especially those that have high numbers of people that were not able to finish high school (Niemonen 21). The high percentages of minority groups that drop out of high school are said to have been attributed to the problem of covert segregation between communities that prevent the integration of multicultural students, as well as the limited number of such children to enter the institution. Also, letting the parents of the students decide how the schools must operate (e.g. Anglo-Saxon parents have greater power in deciding whether to let their children stay in culturally-diverse schools or not, and taking their children out if no actions in favor of their choice are taken), the lack of the federal or state government to address the needs of these children such as the lack of bilin gual teachers for the children of immigrants, decrease in the appropriation of funds due to the perceived state of the community where the schools are located (e.g. poverty-stricken and high incidences of crime), and the creation of

Human Resource Development at Tesco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Development at Tesco - Case Study Example Tesco, a UK leader in the food retailing industry, was founded in 1924 by Sir Jack Cohen in London's East End. Today, it operates around 2,318 stores and employing over 326,000 people. In the UK, Tesco has opened 1878 stores which operate under Extra, Superstore, Metro, and Express trademarks. Tesco replaced Sainsbury and became #1 food retailer in the UK in the mid-1990s (www.tesco.com). Recent years apprenticeship becomes a very popular technique in different sectors of business in the UK. Apprenticeship programs are very effective as they benefit both employers and employees allowing young employees to acquire skills and knowledge during paid employment. To take part in this program a job seeker should: For Tesco branch, this program allows developing a high-skilled working staff employing young people who are eager to work hard and achieve a high position within the company. It will help to sustain a strong brand image and deliver better services to customers. For Tesco, this program ensures an adequate supply of staff who are technically and socially competent, and capable of career advancement into specialist departments or management positions. In this very case, training is, therefore, a key element of improved organizational performance as it increases the level of individual and organizational competence. It helps to reconcile the gap between what should happen and desire-targets and standards of performance; and what is happening and levels of work performance. The advantage of this program is that modern apprenticeship can be started at any time of the year (Modern Apprenticeships, 2006). Special attention should be paid for a contract for apprenticeship. Although this is to be seen as a contract of employment for the purpose of accumulating employment rights, it is a form of legally-binding working relationship that pre-dates all current legislative rights in employment, and the apprentice, therefore, has additional rights at common law relating to training. An employer cannot lawfully terminate an apprentice's contract before the agreed period of training is complete, unless there is closure or a fundamental change of activity in the business to justify redundancy. If Tesco trains people and continually ensures they have up-to-date knowledge and up-to-date skills, it follows that it shall able to compete effectively, and reasonably expect to prosper.

Mountain Man Beer Company Essay Example for Free

Mountain Man Beer Company Essay Mr. Prangel as we all know Mountain Man Beer Company has been in the market over eight decades; manufacturing a beer known for its authenticity, quality and toughness. In all these years we have seen many regional breweries vanished by fatal decisions. Mountain Man Beer Company is still standing strong in the market, yet it has come the time to make a crucial decision regarding the future of our company. Before I present my recommendation I would like you to know that I am well aware of your father’s words when he talks about the company, when he says that â€Å"Mountain Man is still standing because we manufacture and exceptional beer with a great brand name, we have never lost sight of our core customer, and we have never been seduced by the other guy’s market†. Unfortunately due to changes in beer drinkers’ preferences and declines in sales for the first year, we need to consider different options to compensate for potential declines in sales in the coming years. Despite all our efforts to build brand equity in 2005 Mountain Man Lager Beer’s sales have declined for the first time in the history of the company by 2%, which could continue on the following years if no action is taken. On the other hand the Light Beer category, in which we have to presence at all, has been steadily gaining market share at a compound annual rate of 4% per year in the past 5 years. Light beer’s market share accounted for 50. 4% of volume sales in 2005. At this point we have two different options from which we can pick from with their pros and cons. The first strategy would be to keep doing what we are doing focusing on our core consumers, maintaining our company as a single product company. The second strategy, and the one I am recommending after looking at the industry’s numbers and different facts in the Beer industry, is to move to diversification of our product portfolio towards light beer to satisfy a new customer base, to catch up with the changing times and the lost in sales of our main product Mountain Man Lager Beer. Keep doing what we are doing The strategy consist in focusing in our core consumers and keeping our brand image of â€Å"Working man’s beer† as Oscar Prangel said â€Å"focusing on what we do best, not by attaching our brand to every conceivable version of a product. † Mountain Man Beer Company has been successful marketing to the blue collar, middle-to-lower income men over age 45, distinguishing from competitors with an old family brew resulting in a flavorful, bitter-tasting, high alcohol level beer, obtaining a brand loyalty rate of 53%. At the same time we have to take in consideration that the beer consumption in the US has declined 2. 3% plus the lost in market share of premium beers, going with this strategy could hurt the company in many ways. This strategy does not include introducing a light beer into the market, even though the market for light beer has been growing consistently 4% per year for the past 5 years. Pros:Keep brand image strong. No investment needed Focus on our core consumers. Cons:Beer consumption in US declined 2. 3% Sales decreased by 2% in 2005 (Appendix 1) 45 + years old beer drinkers are being overshadow by the key consumer segment for beer (21-27 years old) Light beer’s market is growing 4% per year while Premium beer has been losing 4% market share per year. Our Revenue will be considerably hurt in the next years (Appendix 2 3) Launch Mountain Man Light Mountain Man Beer Company will have to introduce a â€Å"light† beer to their product portfolio, to satisfy the growing demand of the younger beer drinkers and compensate the lost in sales of our main product Mountain Man Lager. Light beer is the fastest growing segment in the $75 billion beer industry in the US, accounting for 50. 4% and increasing at compound annual growth rate of 4%. There are many factors we need to take into consideration when launching Mountain Man Light, such as cannibalization, cost, and advertising. -We are shooting for a 0. 25% market share of the light beer consumption in 2006, while growing our share by a quarter of a percent per year the following years. We are projecting 48,735 barrels on 2006 (Appendix 4) -There is a risk of possible cannibalization from MM Light to MM Lager of 5% 20% according to Oscar. I will set cannibalization at 5% due to the fact that MM Lager drinkers consume our product for its roughness, and they are not likely to switch to a lighter version of MML. 25,480 barrels of beer will be cannibalize from MM Lager on 2006. (Appendix 5) -An advertising agency estimated that creating a 60% level of awareness for Mountain Man Light will cost $750,000 for an intensive six months. -Another cost to take in consideration is the increment selling general and administration which is $900,000 per year. -The cost of producing Mountain Man Light will be $71. 62 which is $4. 69 more than a Mountain Man Lager barrel, reducing our contribution margin from 31% to %26. 16. (Appendix 6) -We will see increase in Income and Revenue starting 2007 (Appendix 7) Appendix Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Mountain Man Sales Assuming 2% per year reduction Mountain Man Sales Assuming 2% per year reduction Appendix 3 Projected Income Statement | | | | Mountain Man Income Stament | 2005| 2006| 2007| | 520,000 Barrels| 509,600 Barrels| 499,408 Barrels | | | | | | | |. Net Revenue| | | 50,440,000 | 49,431,200 | 48,442,576 | | COGS| | | 34,803,600 | 34,107,528 | 33,425,377 | Gross Margin | | | 15,636,400 | 15,323,672 | 15,017,199 | | SGA| | | 9,583,600 | 9,391,928 | 9,204,089 | | Others| | | 1,412,320 | 1,384,074 | 1,412,320 | Operating Margin| | 4,640,480 | 4,547,670 | 4,400,789 | | Other Income| | 151,320 | 148,294 | 145,328 | Net Income Before Taxes| | 4,791,800 | 4,695,964 | 4,546,117 | | Provision for Income Tax| 1,677,130 | 1,631,230 | 1,598,605 | Net Income After Taxes| | 3,114,670 | 3,064,734 | 3,003,440 | Appendix 4Projected Market share| | | | | | | Year| Light Beer | MM Light| Market | | Consumption| 0. 25%| Share| | CAGR + %4| . +. 25% per year| | 2005| 18,744,303 | | 0. 00%| 2006| 19,494,075 | 48,735 | 0. 25%| 2007| 20,273,838 | 101,369 | 0. 50%| 2008| 21,084,792 | 158,136 | 0. 75%| | | | | Appendix 5 Cannibalize Barrels Cannibalize Barrels Contribution Margin Contribution Margin Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Projected Income Statement | | | | | Mountain Man Income Stament | 2005| 2006| 2007| | | 520,000| 484,120| 474,438 | BB Lager| | | | | | 74,215 | 126,339 | BB Light| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net Revenue| | | $ 50,440,000 | $ 54,158,495 | $ 58,275,369 | | | COGS BB Lager| |. 34,803,600 | 32,402,151 | 31,754,135 | | | COGS BB Light| | | 5,315,278 | 9,048,399 | | Gross Margin | | | 15,636,400 | 16,441,066 | 17,472,834 | | | SGA (+900,000 yearly)| | | 9,583,600 | 11,190,114 | 11,072,320 | | | Others (+750,000)| | | 1,412,320 | 2,266,438 | 1,631,710 | | Operating Margin| | 4,640,480 | 2,984,514 | 4,768,804 | | | Other Income| | 151,320 | 162,475 | 174,826 | | Net Income Before Taxes| | 4,791,800 | 3,146,990 | 4,943,630 | | | Provision for Income Tax| 1,677,130 | 1,787,230 | 1,923,087 | | Net Income After Taxes| | 3,114,670 | 1,359,759 | 3,613,073 | |.